把教育引導(dǎo)到基于證據(jù)（evidence based）上的研究是教育工作者的基本素養(yǎng)和品德。如何讓教育與勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)匹配是世界各國(guó)都遇到的大問題，這也是英國(guó)和美國(guó)都在初中階段（13歲）就要求學(xué)校開始對(duì)學(xué)生做職業(yè)教育和指導(dǎo)的原因。本文是英國(guó)專家的研究成果，指出英國(guó)的青年人勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的復(fù)雜、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和變化三個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)性的變化，并提出了學(xué)校在教育和指導(dǎo)方面，為學(xué)生提供相關(guān)克服困難的解決方案。

——張鐵光教授、劍橋大學(xué)博士

上海金蘋果學(xué)校國(guó)際部名譽(yù)校長(zhǎng)

劍橋國(guó)際課程發(fā)展中心主席

Schools and the twenty-first century labour market: perspectives on structural change

學(xué)校與第二十一世紀(jì)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)：結(jié)構(gòu)變遷的看法

19 December 2016  （2016年12月19日）

By Dr Anthony Mann (Director of Policy and Research, Education and Employers) and Prue Huddleston(Professor Emeritus, University of Warwick).

 作者：Anthony Mann 博士（政策研究、教育和雇主主任）及Prue Huddleston（華威大學(xué)名譽(yù)教授）。

In the British Journal of Guidance & Counselling

This study investigates the UK youth labour market, looking at how changes within it have (negatively) affected the economic prospects of young Britons. Considered collectively, no generation has entered the world of work with more years of schooling, higher levels of qualification or greater human capital to their names, however mounting evidence shows them struggling to compete for economic opportunities.

本研究探討英國(guó)的青年勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)，看看它的變化會(huì)如何（負(fù)面）地影響英國(guó)年輕人的經(jīng)濟(jì)前景?？偟膩?lái)說(shuō)，沒有一代人向他們那樣進(jìn)入職場(chǎng)時(shí)具有更多的學(xué)歷、更高層次的資格或更大的人力資本，但越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)表明，他們掙扎著去爭(zhēng)奪經(jīng)濟(jì)的機(jī)會(huì)。

To understand and unravel these structural changes, this study draws upon semi-structured interviews with eight policy commentators exceptionally well placed to offer insight into the character and consequences of the changing youth labour market. The perspectives from commentators who include Hugh Lauder, Andreas Schleicher, Kay Carberry, Chris Husbands, Ewart Keep and Lorna Unwin were tested with recruiters operating at the front line of the youth labour market. With both groups, a broad question was investigated: how can schools and colleges best respond to changes in the labour market which have worked to the detriment of young people?

為了理解和解開這些結(jié)構(gòu)的變化，本研究采用與八位資深的政策評(píng)論員的半結(jié)構(gòu)化面試，提供對(duì)青年勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)變化性質(zhì)和后果的洞悉。評(píng)論家包括Hugh Lauder、Andreas Schleicher、Kay Carberry，Chris的丈夫、Ewart Keep和Lorna Unwin，把這些評(píng)論家的觀點(diǎn)與招聘人員在青年勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)一線的操作做了測(cè)試。以這兩個(gè)群體的觀點(diǎn)對(duì)一個(gè)廣泛的問題進(jìn)行了研究：學(xué)校和學(xué)院如何應(yīng)對(duì)已經(jīng)對(duì)青年人造成傷害的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的變化？

Interviewees identified a new of long term structural changes in the operation of the labour market which had worked against the interests of young people: technological change, globalisation, deregulation, inequality.  From this analysis, three fundamental changes were identified each with implications for schools and colleges:

受訪者發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)對(duì)年輕人不利的新的勞動(dòng)市場(chǎng)運(yùn)作的長(zhǎng)期的結(jié)構(gòu)性變化：技術(shù)變革、全球化、放松管制、不平等。從這一分析中，確定了三個(gè)對(duì)學(xué)校和學(xué)院有啟示的基本變化：

(1)   Complexity: The increasing complexity of the labour market has required greater levels of more authentic careers provision.

復(fù)雜性：勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)日益復(fù)雜，需要更真實(shí)職業(yè)和更高水平的要求。

(2)   Competition: School to work transitions have become more fractured with young people demanding that they leave education with greater levels of recruitment skills and resilience to compete for employment.

競(jìng)爭(zhēng)：學(xué)校與工作之間的過渡變得更加混亂，要求年輕人在離開教育時(shí)具有更高層次的招聘技能和韌性以爭(zhēng)取就業(yè)。

(3)   Change: A rapidly growing number of jobs demand not just knowledge itself, but its effective application in new situations, drawing on skills commonly delivered by schools as enterprise education.

變化：越來(lái)越多的就業(yè)崗位不僅需要知識(shí)本身，還有它們?cè)谛滦蝿?shì)下的有效應(yīng)用，借鑒了學(xué)校作為企業(yè)教育的常用技能。

The study notes that the current generation of pupils face a significantly greater challenge in making informed investment decisions about the quality and quantity of education and training they pursue in light of an increasingly complex and opaque labour market. Upon leaving education, they face greater expectations from employers that they are job ready and greater competition for work from older workers.

研究指出，鑒于日益復(fù)雜和不透明的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)，目前的學(xué)生在教育和培訓(xùn)的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量方面做出明智決策時(shí)，要面臨著更大的挑戰(zhàn)。離開教育后，他們面臨著來(lái)自雇主的比老工人在工作準(zhǔn)備和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)方面的更大期望。

Once in employment, growing numbers of employers have a changed sense of what they most desire from the workforce: the new economy places much greater value on the ability of workers to be personally effective in applying their knowledge and skills in new situations. There are clear implications, summarised in the table below from each of these three structural changes in labour market operation for schools and colleges. Specifically, the analysis provides new insight into strategic approaches to educational provision designed to mitigate structural forces placing young people at disadvantage within the labour market. It encourages schools to structure provision offered to young people within a framework aimed at resolving specific and clear barriers to effective school to work transitions.

一旦就業(yè)，越來(lái)越多的雇主對(duì)員工最渴望的東西有了一種改變：新經(jīng)濟(jì)把更大的價(jià)值放在了工人在新形勢(shì)下運(yùn)用知識(shí)和技能的能力。這有明確的含義，對(duì)學(xué)校和學(xué)院有勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)運(yùn)作的三個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)性變化，每個(gè)總結(jié)如下表。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，分析為教育規(guī)則的戰(zhàn)略方法提供了新的洞察力，旨在減輕勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)中處于不利地位年輕人的結(jié)構(gòu)性力量。它鼓勵(lì)學(xué)校給年輕人提供結(jié)構(gòu)性供給框架，旨在克服從學(xué)校到工作有效轉(zhuǎn)中具體而明確的障礙。

Figure 1.  Implications of labour market change for young people and schools/colleges.

圖1：勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)變化對(duì)年輕人和學(xué)校/學(xué)院的影響。

The article is available on the website of the British Journal of Guidance and Counselling.  The work draws on interviews with policy commentators and focus groups with recruiters previously published by Education and Employers Research.

這篇文章可在英國(guó)指導(dǎo)與輔導(dǎo)雜志（British Journal of Guidance and Counselling）的網(wǎng)站上獲得。這項(xiàng)工作借鑒了《教育和雇主研究》以前發(fā)布的政策評(píng)論員和招聘焦點(diǎn)小組的采訪。